The data acquisition beyond the FOV in phase encoding direction, with doubling the number of acquisitions and the scan time.

See also Oversampling and Aliasing Artifact.

Parts of the body, which extend beyond the Field of view in the phase encoding direction may still be visible in the image as artifacts.
Please note that aliasing in the frequency direction is also possible but can be eliminated in the same manner or by applying frequency specific filters to the received signal.

See Aliasing Artifact.

Refocused GRE sequences use a refocusing gradient in the phase encoding direction during the end module to maximize (refocus) remaining xy- (transverse) magnetization at the time when the next excitation is due, while the other two gradients are, in any case, balanced.
When the next excitation pulse is sent into the system with an opposed phase, it tilts the magnetization in the α direction. As a result the z-magnetization is again partly tilted into the xy-plane, while the remaining xy-magnetization is tilted partly into the z-direction.
Companies use different acronyms to describe certain techniques.

Different terms for these gradient echo pulse sequences
R-GRE Refocused Gradient Echo,
FAST Fourier Acquired Steady State,
FFE Fast Field echo,
FISP Fast Imaging with Steady State Precession,
F-SHORT SHORT Repetition Technique Based on Free Induction Decay,
GFEC Gradient Field Echo with Contrast,
GRASS Gradient Recalled Acquisition in Steady State,
ROAST Resonant Offset Averaging in the Steady State,
SSFP Steady State Free Precession.
STERF Steady State Technique with Refocused FID
In this context, 'contrast' refers to the pulse sequence, it does not mean enhancement with a contrast agent.

Respiratory gating is a respiratory motion reduction technique with reordering of the phase encoding matrix.

See Gating.

The resorting of data collected over several acquisitions to create an image where all phase encoding lines are acquired with the object at the same spatial location of the respiratory cycle.