(IVIM) Spins moving in fluids with different velocities and possibly in different directions. This is being found to a small degree in all tissues as a result of capillary perfusion or diffusion. Important velocity changes occur as one moves from the vessel wall towards the center of the vessel. Hence, spins (to a variable degree) have different velocities within a single imaging voxel.
This effect can be measured using special pulse sequences such as in diffusion imaging or diffusion weighed imaging. When the velocity differences are marked, as occurs in larger blood vessels, effects due to IVIM are visible in standard MR images and give rise to flow related dephasing. The effects are more visible when longer echo times are used.

(TI) The time period between the 180° inversion pulse and the 90° excitation pulse in an inversion recovery pulse sequence. The inversion time controls the signal of different tissues and with the change of this parameter also fat and water suppression is attainable.

Spin dephasing for complex flow patterns like turbulence. This effect must be taken into account when evaluating the extent of vascular stenosis. The degree of the signal loss depends on the flow model and pulse sequence used.

(LAVA) The MRI technique LAVA is based on a 3 dimensional spoiled gradient echo pulse sequence. The optimized inversion pulse and a new fat suppression technique (called segmented special) provides enhanced image contrast and uniform fat suppression. Array spatial sensitivity encoding technique (ASSET) with partial data filling and shorter TR/TE enables to use short breath holds for dynamic liver imaging with multiple phases.

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