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General MRI of the abdomen can consist of T1 or T2 weighted spin echo, fast spin echo (FSE, TSE) or gradient echo sequences with fat suppression and contrast enhanced MRI techniques. The examined organs include liver, pancreas, spleen, kidneys, adrenals as well as parts of the stomach and intestine. Respiratory compensation and breath hold imaging is mandatory for a good image quality.
T1 weighted sequences are more sensitive for lesion detection than T2 weighted sequences at 0.5 T, while higher field strengths (greater than 1.0 T), T2 weighted and spoiled gradient echo sequences are used for focal lesion detection.
Gradient echo in phase T1 breath hold can be performed as a dynamic series with the ability to visualize the blood distribution. Phases of contrast enhancement include the capillary or arterial dominant phase for demonstrating hypervascular lesions, in liver imaging the portal venous phase demonstrates the maximum difference between the liver and hypovascular lesions, while the equilibrium phase demonstrates interstitial disbursement for edematous and malignant tissues.
Out of phase gradient echo imaging for the abdomen is a lipid-type tissue sensitive sequence and is useful for the visualization of focal hepatic lesions, fatty liver, haemochromatosis, adrenal lesions and renal masses.
The standards for abdominal MRI vary according to clinical sites based on sequence availability and MRI equipment.
Specific abdominal imaging coils and liver-specific contrast agents targeted to the reticuloendothelial system (RES) of the liver and spleen, improve the detection and localization of lesions in the liver.
See also Hepatobiliary Contrast Agents, Reticuloendothelial Contrast Agents, and Oral Contrast Agents.
For Ultrasound Imaging (USI) see Abdominal Ultrasound at US-TIP.com. |
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• View the NEWS results for 'Abdominal Imaging' (3).
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• View the DATABASE results for 'Abdominal Imaging' (11).
| | | | |  Further Reading: | | Basics:
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News & More:
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| This superparamagnetic oral contrast agent consists of large iron oxide particles, coated with insoluble material. Abdoscan® particles have a mean diameter no less than 300 nm. Gastrointestinal superparamagnetic contrast agents are used for negative bowel enhancement.
Abdoscan® was approved in Europe but was taken off the market in 2000, and all sales stopped by the end of 2002.
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Drug Information and Specification |
| NAME OF COMPOUND |
Ferristene (USAN) oral magnetic particles (OMP) |
| DEVELOPER |
Amersham |
| CENTRAL MOIETY |
Fe2+/Fe3+ |
| CONTRAST EFFECT |
T2*, predominantly negative enhancement |
| RELAXIVITY |
T2 |
| PHARMACOKINETIC |
Gastrointestinal |
| CONCENTRATION |
23.4 Fe/200ml |
| PREPARATION |
Dissolve |
| INDICATION |
Bowel marking |
| DEVELOPMENT STAGE |
Not FDA approved |
| PRESENTATION |
Bags with powder |
| DO NOT RELY ON THE INFORMATION PROVIDED HERE, THEY ARE NOT A SUBSTITUTE FOR THE ACCOMPANYING
PACKAGE INSERT! |
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• View the DATABASE results for 'Abdoscan®' (2).
| | | | | | Further Reading: | Basics:
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ABLAVAR™ (formerly named Vasovist™) is a blood pool agent for magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), which opens new medical imaging possibilities in the evaluation of aortoiliac occlusive disease (AIOD) in patients with suspected peripheral vascular disease.
ABLAVAR™ binds reversibly to blood albumin, providing imaging with high spatial resolution up to 1 hour after injection, due to its high relaxivity and to the long lasting increased signal intensity of blood.
As with other contrast media: the possibility of serious or life-threatening anaphylactic or anaphylactoid reactions, including cardiovascular, respiratory and/or cutaneous manifestations, should always be considered.
WARNING: NEPHROGENIC SYSTEMIC FIBROSIS
Gadolinium-based contrast agents increase the risk for nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) in patients with acute or chronic severe renal insufficiency (glomerular filtration rate less than 30 mL/min/1.73m2), or acute renal insufficiency of any severity due to the hepato-renal syndrome or in the perioperative liver transplantation period.
See also Cardiovascular Imaging, Adverse Reaction, Molecular Imaging, and MRI Safety.
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Drug Information and Specification |
| NAME OF COMPOUND |
Diphenylcyclohexyl phosphodiester-Gd-DTPA, gadofosveset trisodium, MS-325 |
| DEVELOPER |
EPIX Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
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| CENTRAL MOIETY |
Gd2+ |
| CONTRAST EFFECT |
T1, predominantly positive enhancement |
| RELAXIVITY |
20-45 mmol-1sec-1, Bo=0,47T |
| PHARMACOKINETIC |
Intravascular |
| OSMOLALITY |
825 mOsmol/kg H2O |
| CONCENTRATION |
244 mg/mL, 0.25mmol/mL |
| DOSAGE |
0.12 mL/kg, 0.03 mmol/kg |
| PREPARATION |
ready to use |
| INDICATION |
Contrast enhanced magnetic resonance angiography |
| DEVELOPMENT STAGE |
FDA approved |
| DISTRIBUTOR |
See below |
| PRESENTATION |
10 mL vials |
| DO NOT RELY ON THE INFORMATION PROVIDED HERE, THEY ARE NOT A SUBSTITUTE FOR THE ACCOMPANYING
PACKAGE INSERT! |
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• View the NEWS results for 'ABLAVAR™' (1).
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• View the DATABASE results for 'ABLAVAR™' (3).
| | | | | | Further Reading: | Basics:
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| The lowest possible temperature that can be obtained, at which all molecular motion discontinues. The unit is written as 0 K or 0 Kelvin, named after William Thomson, who developed the scale and became Lord Kelvin in 1892.
The analogous temperature in other units is:
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• View the DATABASE results for 'Absolute Zero' (6).
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• View the DATABASE results for 'Absorbed Dose' (2).
| | | | | | Further Reading: | News & More:
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